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Cairn Oil & Gas has announced that it is partnering US-based Halliburton to start shale exploration in the Lower Barmer Hill formation, Western Rajasthan

·         Shale gas and oil is outlined as natural gas & oil from shale formations. The shale acts as each the source and also the reservoir for these unconventional hydrocarbons.

·         Older shale wells were vertical while more recent wells are primarily horizontal and need artificial stimulation, like hydraulic fracturing, to produce.

·         Only shale formations with certain characteristics can manufacture gas and oil. Shales are fine-grained sedimentary rocks which will be rich sources of petroleum and natural gas. shale gas is one among variety of unconventional sources of natural gas; others involve coalbed methane, tight sandstones, and methane hydrates.

·         The key difference between oil and standard crude is that the previous, conjointly known as ‘tight oil’, is found in smaller batches, and deeper than conventional crude deposits.

·         Extraction of sedimentary rock gas: shale gas being an unconventional gas has complex exploration and production challenges than conventional gases. whereas standard gases are found within the porous rock, they will be sponged out simply.

·         Unconventional gases like sedimentary rock gas ar placed under non-porous, lowpermeable rocks that do not allow free movement of gases. accordingly, the rocks containing unconventional gases need to be broken through external pressure.

·         In cases of shale gas exploration, a series of wells (sometimes, horizontal also as vertical) is dug to succeed in the rock containing shale gas, and through the wells pressurized water, mixed chemically, is injected to fracture the rocks.

·         The whole method is thought as fracking, and every fracking activity needs around five to nine million gallons of fresh water that is 5 to ten times over processes adopted for exploring conventional gas resources.

·         Russia and also the United States ar among the biggest oil producers within the world, with a surge in oil production within the United States having played a key role in turning the country from an importer of crude to a internet exporter in 2019.

·         Concerns:Water Intensive: The board of directors General of Hydrocarbons (DGH) states that shale gas extraction needs or so five to nine million litres of water. Potential for ground water contamination: Fracking may be a controversial  technique of extracting shale gas.

·         Chemicals, water, and sand are released at very high pressure into the earth to break rock and uncover gas.

·         It is sort of a forced earthquake. Environmental campaigners say fracking comes with a large risk of contaminating water provides due to the chemicals utilized in the method. By releasing toxic , radioactive  gases and carcinogens, exposing individuals, land, and water to unhealthiness and poison, fracking has caused debilitating  health and environmental damage.

·         Many EU counties like France, Germany and Bulgaria have banned fracking.

Why the interest in shale gas?

·         The global energy mix, in the absence of a strong climate policy, is likely to remain highly fossil fuel-dependent.

·         According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), even in 2035 about seventy five per cent of the energy demand are going to be met by fossil fuels.

·         But among the fossil fuels, IEA predicts, the share of coal and oil can reduce which of gas, that is relatively cleaner, can increase within the next twenty years under the pressure to curb native pollution and greenhouse gases.

·         The international demand for gas will increase by fifty per cent by 2035 compared to the 2010 level.

·         The increase in gas demand will make many large countries increasingly importdependent.

·         China’s dependence on imported gas is probably going to increase to forty per cent by 2035; India’s to forty five per cent and also the European Union’s to over eighty per cent.

·         Much of the shale resource exists in countries with limited endowments of conventional oil and gas supplies, such as South Africa, Jordan and Chile; or in the countries which are net gas importers and face increasing import dependency, such as the US and China; or in regions where conventional hydrocarbon resources have largely been depleted, such as Europe.

·         The exploitation of shale gas is, therefore, probably to reduce costs and import dependencies of states for gas. Prospects of oil exploration in India presently, theres no large-scale industrial production of oil and gas in India.

·         The Government of India has carried out studies through various national and international agencies for the identification of shale oil and gas resources in the country.

·         Based on the info available from standard oil/gas exploration within the country for the last such a lot of years, the country holds promising reserves of shale Gas & Oil resources and also the following sedimentary basins are considered prospective from oil and gas point of view: Cambay Basin Gondwana Basin KG Basin Cauvery Basin Indo-Gangetic Basin Assam & Assam-Arakan Basin.

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