Geography
Cairn
Oil & Gas has announced that it is partnering US-based Halliburton to start
shale exploration in the Lower Barmer Hill formation, Western Rajasthan
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Shale gas and oil is outlined as natural
gas & oil from shale formations. The shale acts as each the source and also
the reservoir for these unconventional hydrocarbons.
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Older shale wells were vertical while
more recent wells are primarily horizontal and need artificial stimulation,
like hydraulic fracturing, to produce.
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Only shale formations with certain
characteristics can manufacture gas and oil. Shales are fine-grained
sedimentary rocks which will be rich sources of petroleum and natural gas.
shale gas is one among variety of unconventional sources of natural gas; others
involve coalbed methane, tight sandstones, and methane hydrates.
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The key difference between oil and
standard crude is that the previous, conjointly known as ‘tight oil’, is found
in smaller batches, and deeper than conventional crude deposits.
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Extraction of sedimentary rock gas:
shale gas being an unconventional gas has complex exploration and production
challenges than conventional gases. whereas standard gases are found within the
porous rock, they will be sponged out simply.
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Unconventional gases like sedimentary
rock gas ar placed under non-porous, lowpermeable rocks that do not allow free
movement of gases. accordingly, the rocks containing unconventional gases need
to be broken through external pressure.
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In cases of shale gas exploration, a
series of wells (sometimes, horizontal also as vertical) is dug to succeed in
the rock containing shale gas, and through the wells pressurized water, mixed
chemically, is injected to fracture the rocks.
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The whole method is thought as fracking,
and every fracking activity needs around five to nine million gallons of fresh
water that is 5 to ten times over processes adopted for exploring conventional
gas resources.
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Russia and also the United States ar
among the biggest oil producers within the world, with a surge in oil
production within the United States having played a key role in turning the
country from an importer of crude to a internet exporter in 2019.
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Concerns:Water Intensive: The board of
directors General of Hydrocarbons (DGH) states that shale gas extraction needs
or so five to nine million litres of water. Potential for ground water
contamination: Fracking may be a controversial
technique of extracting shale gas.
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Chemicals, water, and sand are released
at very high pressure into the earth to break rock and uncover gas.
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It is sort of a forced earthquake.
Environmental campaigners say fracking comes with a large risk of contaminating
water provides due to the chemicals utilized in the method. By releasing toxic
, radioactive gases and carcinogens,
exposing individuals, land, and water to unhealthiness and poison, fracking has
caused debilitating health and
environmental damage.
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Many EU counties like France, Germany
and Bulgaria have banned fracking.
Why the interest in shale gas?
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The global energy mix, in the absence of
a strong climate policy, is likely to remain highly fossil fuel-dependent.
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According to the International Energy
Agency (IEA), even in 2035 about seventy five per cent of the energy demand are
going to be met by fossil fuels.
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But among the fossil fuels, IEA
predicts, the share of coal and oil can reduce which of gas, that is relatively
cleaner, can increase within the next twenty years under the pressure to curb
native pollution and greenhouse gases.
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The international demand for gas will
increase by fifty per cent by 2035 compared to the 2010 level.
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The increase in gas demand will make
many large countries increasingly importdependent.
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China’s dependence on imported gas is
probably going to increase to forty per cent by 2035; India’s to forty five per
cent and also the European Union’s to over eighty per cent.
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Much of the shale resource exists in
countries with limited endowments of conventional oil and gas supplies, such as
South Africa, Jordan and Chile; or in the countries which are net gas importers
and face increasing import dependency, such as the US and China; or in regions
where conventional hydrocarbon resources have largely been depleted, such as
Europe.
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The exploitation of shale gas is,
therefore, probably to reduce costs and import dependencies of states for gas.
Prospects of oil exploration in India presently, theres no large-scale
industrial production of oil and gas in India.
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The Government of India has carried out
studies through various national and international agencies for the
identification of shale oil and gas resources in the country.
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Based on the info available from
standard oil/gas exploration within the country for the last such a lot of
years, the country holds promising reserves of shale Gas & Oil resources
and also the following sedimentary basins are considered prospective from oil
and gas point of view: Cambay Basin Gondwana Basin KG Basin Cauvery Basin
Indo-Gangetic Basin Assam & Assam-Arakan Basin.
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